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Western Journal of Nursing Research
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Are Patient Falls and Pressure Ulcers Sensitive to Nurse Staffing?

Eileen T. Lake

Robyn B. Cheung

University of Pennsylvania

Research has demonstrated an association between more nurses and more qualified nursing staff in hospitals and better patient outcomes. Patient falls and pressure ulcers have been advanced as nursing-sensitive outcomes. This article evaluates the state of the science linking nurse staffing to falls and pressure ulcers. Studies that employed multivariate analysis to discern the effect of nurse staffing on patient falls and pressure ulcers in hospitals were evaluated. Eleven studies that met inclusion criteria were contrasted on their data sources and measures, data analysis, risk adjustment, and results. The evidence of an effect of nursing hours or skill mix on patient falls and pressure ulcers is equivocal. Substantial differences in research methods across studies may account for the mixed findings. Two study types were identified based on the level at which nurse staffing was measured, hospital or nursing unit, which exhibited systematic differences in measures and methods. Improvements in measurement and methods are suggested.

Key Words: nurse staffing • pressure ulcers • patient falls • multilevel research methods

Western Journal of Nursing Research, Vol. 28, No. 6, 654-677 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0193945906290323
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